Breathing Sound Comparison
| Breath sound | Pitch | Timing | Mechanism | 常見疾病 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rales | High | Late inspiration | Alveoli reopening | HF、ILD |
| Coarse crackles | Low | Inspiration ± Expiration | Airway secretion | Pneumonia、Bronchiectasis |
| Wheezing | High | Expiration(± Inspiration) | Airway narrowing | Asthma、COPD |
| Rhonchi | Low | Inspiration + Expiration | Large airway secretion | COPD、Bronchitis |
| Stridor | Very high | Inspiration | Upper airway obstruction | Croup、Epiglottitis |
Crackles
小氣道或肺泡塌陷
→ 吸氣時重新打開
→ 產生爆裂聲(Discontinuous sound)
Rales(Fine Crackles)
- High-pitched
- 黏髮音
- 一般在吸氣末期(collapsed 肺泡或小氣道打開)
聽診重點
- 通常位於 bilateral lung bases
常見原因
- Heart failure(Pulmonary edema)
- Interstitial lung disease
- Pneumonia
Coarse Crackles
- Low-pitched
- 泡泡音
- Duration 較 rales 長
- Inspiratory 為主,可延伸至 expiration
聽診重點
- 通常位於中下肺
- 與較 rales 大的氣道及氣道分泌物相關
常見原因
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiectasis
- Chronic bronchitis
- COPD
Wheezing
Bronchi 狹窄
- 連續音
- High-pitched
- 一般位於吐氣期末期
- Bronchi 狹窄 → 暗示 bronchodilator 可能有助緩解症狀
常見原因
- Asthma
- COPD
Rhonchi
大氣道分泌物過多
- 連續音
- Low-pitched
- Inspiration、expiration 都可聽見
- 咳嗽後可能稍微緩解
常見疾病
- COPD
- Chronic bronchitis
- Pneumonia
Stridor
常見於 larynx 或 upper airway obstruction。
若上呼吸道阻塞合併呼吸窘迫,應優先評估並確保 airway。
- Extremely high-pitched
- 通常在吸氣期
- 很大聲
- 不用聽診器就可以聽見
常見疾病
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Foreign body
- Vocal cord dysfunction
- Laryngeal edema